The causes of vibration in steam turbine generator sets are often complex and have many factors. For example, some vibrations are not only related to factors such as mass imbalance and misalignment of rotating machinery itself, but also to factors such as electrical, thermal expansion, and fluid during operation. Some are also related to structural stiffness and installation quality. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct some relevant vibration tests to determine the cause of the vibration.

對於轉速的升降速振動試驗

Vibration test for speed increase and decrease

該實驗的目的是確定機組實際的軸係臨界轉速和相位的振動值。由於製造廠商提供的都是計算臨界轉速，在計算中有關參數的模擬可能與實際機組本身和其安裝條件有些偏差，故計算結果和實際值會有一定的誤差。機組的臨界轉速應以實測結果為準。根據過臨界轉速時的振動值大小，也可以判斷轉子各階振型的平衡狀況。

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the actual critical speed and phase vibration values of the shaft system of the unit. Due to the fact that manufacturers only provide critical speed calculations, the simulation of relevant parameters in the calculation may deviate from the actual unit itself and its installation conditions, resulting in certain errors between the calculation results and the actual values. The critical speed of the unit should be based on the measured results. Based on the magnitude of the vibration value at the critical speed, the balance status of each vibration mode of the rotor can also be determined.

該實驗的另一個目的是可以確定轉子是否發生熱彎曲。如果冷態下機組啟動過程中過臨界轉速時的振動值不大，但在帶負荷運行一段時間後快速降負荷並解列打閘停機過程中臨界轉速下振動增大許多時，則可以作為判斷轉子產生了熱彎曲的因素之一。

Another purpose of this experiment is to determine whether the rotor has undergone thermal bending. If the vibration value at the critical speed during the cold start process of the unit is not significant, but after running under load for a period of time, the load is quickly reduced and the vibration at the critical speed increases significantly during the trip and shutdown process, it can be used as one of the factors that determine the thermal bending of the rotor.

發電機勵磁電流試驗

Generator excitation current test

發電機勵磁電流試驗的目的是判斷機組振動原因，是來自電磁方麵還是機械方麵，電磁方麵的原因可分為兩種：

The purpose of generator excitation current test is to determine the cause of unit vibration, whether it comes from electromagnetic or mechanical aspects. The electromagnetic reasons can be divided into two types:

一是，由於純電磁激振力引起的振動（如發電機轉子線圈匝間短路以及轉子與定子間的空氣不均勻引起的激振力）；

One is the vibration caused by pure electromagnetic excitation force (such as the excitation force caused by the inter turn short circuit of the generator rotor coil and the uneven air between the rotor and stator);

二是，由於電方麵的原因引起的，發電機受熱不均的熱彎曲而引起的振動。

The second is the vibration caused by uneven thermal bending of the generator due to electrical reasons.

後者由於轉子熱慣性，其振動值的增大在時間上較勵磁變化滯後，通常隻有在發電機轉子勵磁電流有較大幅度變化時，振動才有明顯改變。勵磁電流試驗是在機組帶上一定負荷時，保持該負荷不變而增大發電機轉子勵磁電流（降低功率因素）的條件下進行的，發電機轉子勵磁電流的變化範圍是，以不超過其額定值為限。通常隨著勵磁電流增加，振動值也隨之增大。如試驗曲線呈光滑上升形狀，則說明振動直接與勵磁電流有關，是純電氣原因造成的。如振幅增加呈階梯形，即振動不立即隨勵磁電流的增加而增大，而是到一定時間階躍增加，則振動是因轉子熱彎曲變形增大引起的，通常的原因是轉子冷卻通風道開孔不正確或灰塵、雜物的不均勻堵塞、線圈膨脹受阻等。

Due to the thermal inertia of the rotor, the increase of its vibration value lags behind the excitation change in time. Usually, only when there is a significant change in the excitation current of the generator rotor, does the vibration change significantly. The excitation current test is conducted under the condition of increasing the excitation current of the generator rotor (reducing power factor) while maintaining a certain load on the unit. The variation range of the excitation current of the generator rotor is limited to its rated value. Usually, as the excitation current increases, the vibration value also increases. If the test curve shows a smooth rising shape, it indicates that the vibration is directly related to the excitation current and is caused solely by electrical reasons. If the amplitude increases in a stepped shape, that is, the vibration does not immediately increase with the increase of excitation current, but increases step by step at a certain time, then the vibration is caused by the increase in thermal bending deformation of the rotor. The usual reasons are incorrect opening of the rotor cooling ventilation duct, uneven blockage of dust and debris, and obstruction of coil expansion.

並網前後振動變化。如果並網前後振動變化較大，說明轉子上存在不平衡電磁力的作用。例如，電動機出現故障後，可以采用“斷電速查”法，根據斷電瞬間振動的變化情況判斷電氣缺陷情況。

Vibration changes before and after grid connection. If the vibration changes significantly before and after grid connection, it indicates the presence of unbalanced electromagnetic force on the rotor. For example, after a motor malfunction occurs, the "power outage quick check" method can be used to determine the electrical defect situation based on the changes in vibration at the moment of power outage.

勵磁電流變化後，振動隨即變化，兩者之間沒有滯後。這種現象說明振動主要是由於電氣缺陷引起的。發電機轉子線圈出現匝間短路後，振動變化將以基頻為主。發電機轉子與靜子間的空氣間隙不均勻，將會誘發較大的二倍頻振動，轉子振動增大的同時，靜子振動一般也會增大。

After the excitation current changes, the vibration changes immediately, and there is no lag between the two. This phenomenon indicates that vibration is mainly caused by electrical defects. After the inter turn short circuit occurs in the generator rotor coil, the vibration change will be mainly based on the fundamental frequency. The uneven air gap between the generator rotor and stator will induce significant second harmonic vibration. As the rotor vibration increases, the stator vibration generally also increases.

勵磁電流變化後，振動逐漸變化，一段時間後才能穩定下來，振動變化滯後於勵磁電流變化。這種現象說明振動主要是由於熱變形引起的。可能的原因有：匝間短路誘發的轉子部件非對稱熱變形，通風孔堵塞、冷卻水量不均勻等誘發的轉子冷卻不均勻以及部件鬆動或膨脹受阻等。

After the excitation current changes, the vibration gradually changes and stabilizes after a period of time. The vibration changes lag behind the excitation current changes. This phenomenon indicates that vibration is mainly caused by thermal deformation. Possible reasons include asymmetric thermal deformation of rotor components caused by inter turn short circuits, uneven cooling of the rotor caused by blocked ventilation holes, uneven cooling water volume, and looseness or expansion of components.

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發電機冷卻介質溫度試驗

Generator cooling medium temperature test

當發電機轉軸存在不對稱冷卻時，發電機轉子會發生熱彎曲，引起振動增大。因此，通過改變冷卻介質的溫度，可以判斷有無不對稱冷卻。對於水冷發電機可采用改變冷卻水溫試驗，而對於氫冷發電機可采用改變冷卻氫溫試驗，觀察其變化對振動發展的影響。雙流式氫冷係統，可以單獨改變發電機某一端氫冷器的出口氫溫，有助於判斷不對稱冷卻發生在轉子的哪一端。通常在存在不對稱冷卻故障時，冷卻介質溫度越高，振動越小。

When there is asymmetric cooling of the generator shaft, the generator rotor will undergo thermal bending, causing increased vibration. Therefore, by changing the temperature of the cooling medium, it is possible to determine whether there is asymmetric cooling. For water-cooled generators, changing the cooling water temperature test can be used, while for hydrogen cooled generators, changing the cooling hydrogen temperature test can be used to observe the impact of its changes on vibration development. The dual flow hydrogen cooling system can independently change the outlet hydrogen temperature of the hydrogen cooler at one end of the generator, which helps to determine which end of the rotor asymmetric cooling occurs. Usually, in the presence of asymmetric cooling faults, the higher the temperature of the cooling medium, the smaller the vibration.

負荷試驗

Load test

負荷改變後，流量、溫度、壓力、聯軸器傳遞扭矩、汽流激振力、汽缸膨脹、軸承標高等都會發生變化，從而有可能影響機組振動。負荷試驗可以在空負荷、中間負荷和滿負荷三種狀態下進行。負荷改變後，應立即測量振動。然後，保持負荷不變，穩定一段時間或等振動不變後再次測取振動值。負荷變化後，一般需要穩定30分鍾以上。

After the load changes, the flow rate, temperature, pressure, torque transmitted by the coupling, steam flow excitation force, cylinder expansion, bearing elevation, etc. will all change, which may affect the vibration of the unit. The load test can be conducted under three states: no-load, intermediate load, and full load. After the load changes, the vibration should be measured immediately. Then, keep the load constant, stabilize for a period of time, or measure the vibration value again after the vibration remains unchanged. After a load change, it usually needs to stabilize for more than 30 minutes.

負荷試驗的目的是判斷機組負荷變化過程中，汽輪機的機械狀態和熱狀態的變化對振動的影響。當機組負荷變化時，一方麵汽輪機經聯軸節傳遞到發電機的扭矩立即會發生變化，如果聯軸節有缺陷，則機組的振動狀態也會立即發生變化。另一方麵，因流過汽輪機的蒸汽流量變化，會引起汽缸內蒸汽壓力和溫度分布的變化，也即汽輪機汽缸、轉子和軸承座的熱膨脹要相應改變。如果此時汽缸出現不均勻變形而使轉子不正，導致軸承不能正常工作或汽缸滑銷係統卡澀等缺陷，機組振動就要發生變化。由於熱慣性，後者引起的振動變化在時間上要比負荷的改變滯後得多。若試驗結果表明，振動隨負荷的增大立即增大，則說明振動與傳遞的扭矩有關，一般是聯軸節有缺陷或齒牙之間負荷不均等原因造成的。負荷試驗時負荷的增加應在運行規程允許的範圍內進行。試驗時應保持真空等參數不變。

The purpose of the load test is to determine the impact of changes in the mechanical and thermal states of the steam turbine on vibration during the load change process of the unit. When the load of the unit changes, on the one hand, the torque transmitted by the turbine through the coupling to the generator will immediately change. If the coupling is defective, the vibration state of the unit will also change immediately. On the other hand, changes in steam flow through the turbine can cause changes in steam pressure and temperature distribution inside the cylinder, which means that the thermal expansion of the turbine cylinder, rotor, and bearing seat needs to be correspondingly changed. If the cylinder undergoes uneven deformation at this time, causing the rotor center to be misaligned, resulting in defects such as bearing failure or jamming of the cylinder sliding pin system, the vibration of the unit will change. Due to thermal inertia, the vibration changes caused by the latter are much delayed in time compared to the changes in load. If the test results indicate that the vibration increases immediately with the increase of load, it indicates that the vibration is related to the transmitted torque, usually caused by defects in the coupling or uneven load between teeth. The increase in load during load testing should be carried out within the allowable range of operating regulations. During the test, parameters such as vacuum should be kept constant.

負荷改變後振動迅速改變，振動變化與負荷變化之間沒有滯後。

After the load changes, the vibration changes rapidly, and there is no lag between the vibration changes and the load changes.

有的機組並網或解列時，振動也會發生較大變化。這種現象說明振動與轉子熱變形無關。主要是由於變負荷過程中，作用在轉子上的力或力矩發生了變化，導致轉子上的激振力發生了變化。激振力改變後，振動隨即改變。

When some units are connected to the grid or disconnected, the vibration will also undergo significant changes. This phenomenon indicates that vibration is not related to the thermal deformation of the rotor. Mainly due to changes in the force or torque acting on the rotor during the variable load process, resulting in changes in the excitation force on the rotor. After the excitation force changes, the vibration immediately changes.

齒式聯軸器磨損後間隙變大，機組升負荷過程中可能會因傳遞扭矩的變化導致齒套偏向一側而產生不平衡振動。負荷變化、傳遞扭矩變化、齒套偏移、不平衡力變化、振動變化五者之間幾乎是同步的。

After the wear of the gear coupling, the gap increases, and during the load increase process of the unit, there may be unbalanced vibration caused by the deviation of the gear sleeve to one side due to changes in torque transmission. The changes in load, transmitted torque, gear sleeve offset, unbalanced force, and vibration are almost synchronous.

加負荷過程中，由於蒸汽流量的增大，汽流激振力越來越大。對於穩定性較差的機組，當汽流力增大到一定程度後，會造成機組失穩。此時，振動也會隨負荷的增加而突然增加。

During the loading process, due to the increase in steam flow rate, the steam flow excitation force becomes greater and greater. For units with poor stability, when the steam flow force increases to a certain extent, it will cause the unit to lose stability. At this point, the vibration will also suddenly increase with the increase of load.

有些機組帶負荷過程中，由於傳遞扭矩和部分進汽度的變化，轉軸在軸瓦內的位置會發生一定變化。如果軸承內更小油膜間隙過小，將會導致轉軸與烏金之間的輕微摩擦和不穩定振動。這種振動將隨負荷的增加而快速增加。

During the loading process of some units, the position of the shaft inside the bearing pad may undergo certain changes due to changes in transmitted torque and partial steam admission. If the minimum oil film clearance inside the bearing is too small, it will cause slight friction and unstable vibration between the shaft and the black metal. This vibration will rapidly increase with the increase of load.

負荷改變初期振動變化較小，一段時間後振動逐漸變化，振動變化滯後於負荷變化。

The initial vibration change during the load change is relatively small, but after a period of time, the vibration gradually changes, and the vibration change lags behind the load change.

這種現象說明振動與膨脹不暢或熱變形等因素有關。負荷改變後，汽缸及轉子內部溫度場發生了變化，機組有可能因此而產生膨脹不暢或熱變形故障。前者改變了支承剛度，後者改變了轉子上的激振力，都會導致振動的變化。由於溫度變化以及由此引起的熱變形和膨脹等都需要時間，因此出現這類故障後，振動變化大多滯後於負荷變化。

This phenomenon indicates that vibration is related to factors such as poor expansion or thermal deformation. After the load changes, the temperature field inside the cylinder and rotor changes, which may result in poor expansion or thermal deformation faults in the unit. The former changes the support stiffness, while the latter changes the excitation force on the rotor, both of which can lead to changes in vibration. Due to temperature changes and the resulting thermal deformation and expansion, which require time, vibration changes often lag behind load changes after such faults occur.

檢查機組膨脹是否正常，可根據汽缸兩側膨脹指示器或自行架設百分表來分析。如果兩側指示相同，但數值偏小，說明汽缸膨脹不暢；如果兩側指示值差異較大，說明汽缸存在跑偏。汽缸膨脹不暢或跑偏主要是由於汽缸及所屬管道較重、汽缸受管道約束力較大、軸承座與台板之間缺少潤滑或潤滑油脂幹枯、汽缸剛性不足等因素所引起的。這時應力求減少汽缸膨脹阻力和管道約束力，增強汽缸剛度，延長暖機時間。

Check whether the expansion of the unit is normal, and analyze it based on the expansion indicators on both sides of the cylinder or by setting up a dial indicator on your own. If the indications on both sides are the same, but the values are too small, it indicates that the cylinder is not expanding smoothly; If there is a significant difference in the indicated values on both sides, it indicates that the cylinder has deviated. The poor expansion or deviation of the cylinder is mainly caused by factors such as the cylinder and its associated pipeline being heavy, the cylinder being heavily constrained by the pipeline, the lack of lubrication or dry lubricating grease between the bearing seat and the bedplate, and insufficient rigidity of the cylinder. At this point, efforts should be made to reduce cylinder expansion resistance and pipeline restraint, enhance cylinder stiffness, and extend warm-up time.

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變化真空試驗

Variable vacuum test

大型汽輪機低壓轉子軸承通常與排汽缸連成一個整體。凝汽器內建立真空時，在大氣壓力作用下，排汽缸和位於其上的軸承座會下沉。真空變化的過程中，排汽缸溫度也會發生變化，這些因素都會影響振動。真空試驗的目的在於判別機組振動與真空及排汽溫度之間的關係，也可用於判斷汽缸底部與台板之間的接觸狀態。

The low-pressure rotor bearings of large steam turbines are usually connected to the exhaust cylinder as a whole. When a vacuum is established in the condenser, the exhaust cylinder and the bearing seat located on it will sink under the action of atmospheric pressure. During the process of vacuum change, the temperature of the exhaust cylinder will also change, and these factors will affect vibration. The purpose of vacuum testing is to distinguish the relationship between unit vibration, vacuum, and exhaust temperature, and can also be used to determine the contact state between the bottom of the cylinder and the bedplate.

真空試驗通常是在較低負荷下進行，這時真空變化範圍可以大些。真空變化可以通過改變凝汽器循環水量來完成。真空改變後，應立即測取振動值，穩定半小時後再測一次振動。

Vacuum tests are usually conducted at lower loads, where the range of vacuum changes can be larger. The vacuum change can be achieved by changing the circulating water volume of the condenser. After the vacuum changes, the vibration value should be measured immediately, and after stabilizing for half an hour, the vibration should be measured again.

振動隨真空的變化而迅速變化

Vibration rapidly changes with changes in vacuum

這種情況多出現在排汽口與凝汽器采用彈性連接的機組上。主要原因有，排汽缸剛度較差、軸承座標高變化影響對中偏差；真空變化過程中，低壓缸動靜部分間隙變化較大並導致了摩擦；排汽缸底部與台板之間接觸不好。真空變化過程中因排汽缸位置變化，導致排汽缸底部與台板之間出現鬆動和支承係統剛度降低。

This situation often occurs in units where the exhaust port and condenser are elastically connected. The main reasons are that the stiffness of the exhaust cylinder is poor, and changes in the elevation of the bearing seat affect the alignment deviation; During the vacuum change process, the gap between the dynamic and static parts of the low-pressure cylinder changes significantly, leading to friction; Poor contact between the bottom of the exhaust cylinder and the bedplate. During the vacuum change process, due to changes in the position of the exhaust cylinder, there is looseness between the bottom of the exhaust cylinder and the bedplate, and the stiffness of the support system decreases.

振動變化滯後於真空變化

Vibration changes lag behind vacuum changes

振動變化滯後於真空變化，表明振動與熱狀態有關，這是因為真空變化的過程中，排汽缸溫度也發生了變化。這種情況多發生在排汽口與凝汽器采用剛性連接、且排汽部分剛度又較好的機組上。

The vibration change lags behind the vacuum change, indicating that the vibration is related to the thermal state. This is because during the process of vacuum change, the temperature of the exhaust cylinder also changes. This situation often occurs in units where the exhaust port and condenser are rigidly connected, and the exhaust part has good stiffness.

軸承潤滑油試驗

Bearing lubricating oil test

軸承工作狀況對於旋轉機械安全運行至關重要。軸承間隙過大、供油不足、油溫不當、載荷過重或過輕等都會使軸承發生故障。改變軸承潤滑油溫和壓力，也就改變了軸承工作狀態。通過該試驗，可以分析軸承工作狀況及其對振動的影響。

The working condition of bearings is crucial for the safe operation of rotating machinery. Excessive bearing clearance, insufficient oil supply, improper oil temperature, heavy or light load can all cause bearing failure. Changing the temperature and pressure of the bearing lubricating oil also changes the working state of the bearing. Through this experiment, the working condition of the bearing and its impact on vibration can be analyzed.

潤滑油壓試驗時，可以先將油壓升高20～40kPa，觀察振動是否因軸承供油量的增大而發生變化。如果振動是由於軸承供油不足而引起的，那麽供油壓力提高後，振動幅值將明顯變小。

During the lubrication oil pressure test, the oil pressure can be increased by 20-40kPa to observe whether the vibration changes due to the increase in bearing oil supply. If the vibration is caused by insufficient oil supply to the bearing, the amplitude of the vibration will significantly decrease as the oil supply pressure increases.

油溫試驗可以在高和低兩種狀態下進行。油溫改變後，需要立即測量振動。穩定30min後再次測量振動。油溫降低過程中，處於穩定性邊緣的軸承有可能發生油膜振蕩，振動突增。試驗中一旦出現這種趨勢，應立即停止試驗。

The oil temperature test can be conducted in both high and low states. After the oil temperature changes, it is necessary to immediately measure the vibration. Measure the vibration again after stabilizing for 30 minutes. During the process of decreasing oil temperature, bearings at the edge of stability may experience oil film oscillation and sudden increase in vibration. Once this trend occurs during the experiment, the experiment should be stopped immediately.

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